Автор:
Аннотация:
В статье анализируются проблемы, с которыми сталкивается Кения на пути демократизации и построения жизнеспособного государства и единого общества. До всеобщих выборов 2007 г. Кения рассматривалась как оазис мира и стабильности в неспокойном регионе, что было обусловлено политическими преобразованиями, никогда ранее не приводившими к насилию. Политика независимой Кении привела к возникновению идеологии, не благоприятствующей демократизации государства и эффективному формированию гражданского общества. Авторы показывают, как отсутствие демократической системы правления, в рамках которой важное место занимали бы компромисс, сотрудничество и достижение консенсуса, раскололо общество по региональному и, что еще более заметно, этническому признакам. Об этом свидетельствуют деятельность политических партий, результаты выборов и споры об изменении конституции. Гражданское общество должно инициировать и направлять дебаты по политическим вопросам, что, в свою очередь, позволит избежать насилия в условиях политической конкуренции. Рассматриваются, в частности, следующие вопросы: каково влияние политических институтов и гражданского общества на упрочение таких ценностей, как достижение мира посредством компромисса, консенсуса и толерантности в этнически поляризованном обществе? Занимало ли гражданское общество нейтральную позицию или становилось стороной в межэтнических спорах? Как и когда гражданские общества начинают активно участвовать в процессах принятия ответственных решений? Могут ли они быть объединяющей силой при строительстве нации (государства)? Поиск ответов на эти вопросы – цель данного исследования.
Ключевые слова:
Кения, выборы, демократизация, политические системы, гражданское общество
Источники:
Several authors argue that the third wave of democratization took place between 1970s and 1980s and the fourth wave began in the late 1980s i.e. closely related to the end of the Cold War. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third wave: Democratization in the late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991; Maria Ottaway, “African Democratization and the Leninist Option”, Journal of Modern African Studies. Vol. 35. No. 1, 1997.
Thomas Ohlson and Mimmi Soderberg, Democratization and Armed Conflicts in Weak States, Department for Cooperation with Non-Governmental organizations and humanitarian assistance and Conflict Management, Elanders Novum AB, SIDA, 2003. P. 1–9.
Cherry Gertzel, The politics of Independent Kenya, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, Nairobi, 1970, P. 1.
W.R. Ochieng and E.S. Atieno-Odhiambo eds., Decolonization and Independence in Kenya – 1940–93, East African Educational Publishers Ltd., Nairobi 1996, p. xiii.
Ibidem.
Ohlson and Soderberg, Democratization and Armed Conflict in Weak States. p.10.
“Invention” is a terminology which has been widely used by several authors in reference to nation-state building. See for instance Atieno-Odhiambo, “The invention of Kenya” in Decolonization and Independence in Kenya p. 1; David Brandling, Review of the Invention of Argentina by Nicholas Shumway, in New York Times Book Review (13th October, 1991); Eric Hobswbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge, University Press, 1983.
R.H., Jackson, Quasi States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear – An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, 2nd ed., Hemel Hampstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, p. 82–83.
Ibid., p. 79.
Kalevi J. Holsti, The State, War, and the State of War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 82–98.
Ogot B.A., “The Politics of Populism” in B.A. Ogot and W.R. Ochieng (eds), Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, p. 201.
Ibidem.
Ohlson and Soderberg, Democratization and Armed Conflicts in Weak States. p. 13.
See: Joel D. Barkan, “Protracted transitions among Africa’s new democracies”, Democratization, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2000, p. 230; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Valle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Africa-Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 61–63.
Mutahi G. Ngunyi, “Building Democracy in a Polarized Civil Society”: The Transition to Multi-party Democracy in Kenya”, In Joseph Oloke-Onyango, Kivutha Kibwana and Peter Maina (eds), Law and the Struggle for Democracy in East Africa, Clari press, Nairobi, 1996, p. 265.
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
Job, Brian L., “The Insecurity Dilemma: National, Regime, and State Securities in the Third World” in Brian, L. Job (ed); The Insecurity Dilemma – National Security in Third World States. Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992, p. 18.
Gordon White, “Civil Society, Democratization and Development: Clearing the Analytical Ground”, Democracy Vol. 1, No. 3, 1994, p. 379.
Marina Ottaway and Thomas Carother, Funding Virtue – Civil Society, Aid and Democracy Promotion, Washington D.C.; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000, p. 4.
Ibidem.
Cherry Gertzel, Politics in independent Kenya, p. 7.
The East African Standard, 26th April 1966.
See T.J. Mboya, Freedom and After, London, Andre Deutsch, 1963.
Ibid.
Mutahi G. Ngunyi, “Building Democracy in Polarized Civil Society: The Transition to Multi-party Democracy in Kenya” in Oleke-Onyango, Kibwana and Maina (eds), Law and the Struggle for Democracy in East Africa, p. 257.
Barkan, J., “The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya” in Hyden and Bratton (eds), Governance and Politics in Africa, p. 176.
Jennifer A. Widner, The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya – from “Harambee” to “Nyayo”, California Press, Oxford, 1992, p. 87.
Ibid., p. 88.
Ibid., p. 100.
Mutayi Ngungi, “Building Democracy in a Polarized Civil Society: Transition to Multi-party Democracy” in Kenya in Oloke-Onyango, Kibwana and Maina (eds), Law and the Struggle for Democracy in East Africa, 1996, p. 257.
Rene Lemarchand, “Uncivil State and Civil Societies: How illusion became reality”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 30, 2, 1992, p. 178.
Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works – Disorder as a Political Instrument, Oxford: James Currey, 1999, p. 1–2.
Ndegwa S, “Shoes on the Other Foot for Reformists” Daily Nation, December 12, 2003.
Mathew 20:20 – 28, 1st Kings 12.
Ist Peter 5:3; II Timothy 2:15; Ephesians 5:11.
Psalms 24:1.
Amos 2:7.
John 18:37; Mathew 5:13 – 14.
Galia Sabar, Church, State, and Society in Kenya: From Mediation to Opposition, 1963 – 1993, London, Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2002, p. 3.
Deuteronomy 17:14 – 20.
John W. De Cruchy, Christianity and Democracy: A Theology for a Just World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 10–12.
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
1st Corinthians 12:12–13.
The Economic Review, March 14–21, 1997, p. 2.
Ibidem.
Ngunyi Mutahi, “Building Democracy in a Polarized Civil Society” in Law and the Struggle for Democracy, p. 259.
Ali Mazrui, “Current Socio-political Trends” in Frederick S. Arkhurst (ed), Africa in the Seventies and Eighties, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1970, p. 49.
Ogot, B.A., “The Politics of Populism” in Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, p. 194.
Ogot, B.A., “Transition from Single-party to Multi-party Political System, 1989–93” in Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, p. 239.
Ogot, B.A., “Epilogue 1989–1993” in Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, p. 249.
Daily Nation, 24th December 2002, p. 19.
http://www.kenyaweb.com
Ogot, B.A., “Epilogue 1989–93” In Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, p. 249.
Ogot, B.A., “The Decisive Years 1956 – 63” In Decolonization and Independence, p. 70.
Ibid., p. 70.
Ibid., p. 73.
Ogot, B.A., “The Politics of Populism” in Decolonization and Independence, p. 187
Goldsworth, David, Tom Mboya, “The Man Kenya Wanted to Forget.” Nairobi, Heinemann, 1982, p. 269–271.
Ibidem.
Kenya Constitution (2010). Nairobi: Kenya Law Reports.
Sunday Nation, February 1, 2004, p. 12.
Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963–2011, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011, p. 289.
Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History since Independence, New York: I.B Tauris and Co. Ltd, 2012.