Author:
Abstract:
The article considers the electoral process in modern Zambia and exhibits the dynamics of its development since the proclamation of political pluralism in 1991, as well as the process of improving the national electoral system, including its modernization (automation) through the use of new technologies. Particular attention is paid to the role of mass media and the means of mass communication in the electoral process and to the correlation between ethnicity and political preferences of Zambian voters.
Keywords:
electoral process, political development, majoritarian voting system, voter registration, successor, observers, challenging the election results, snap elections, mass media and the means of mass communication, gender factor
References:
Huntington S.P. The Third World: Democratization in the Late Twentirth Century. L., 1991. P. 58.
www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2359_B.htm
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt IV. Article 34 (1).
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt IV. Article 34 (3a, 3b).
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt V. Article 63 (2).
http://www.elections.org.zm/about_ecz.php
Ibidem.
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt II. Articles 4–6.
https://www.ndi.org/files/DOGP-Citizen-Orgs-RUS.pdf
См. более подробно: Республика Замбия. Справочник. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2013. С. 101–103.
Democracy in Zambia: Challenges for the Third Republic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Harare, 1996. P. 4.
См. подробнее: Прокопенко Л.Я. Замбия: особенности становления многопартийной системы (90-е годы). Ученые записки. Вып. 17. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2000.
Democracy in Zambia: Challenges for the Third Republic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Harare, 1996. P. 33.
См.: Zambia: Democracy on Trial Report of a mission by the non-governmental Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative. L., 1991. P. 14.
http://www.elections.org.zm/results/1991
Чуваева М.А., Ксенофонтова Н.А. Республика Замбия. Справочник. М.: Восточная литература РАН, 1996. С. 101.
Democracy in Zambia: Challenges for the Third Republic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Harare, 1996. P. 40.
Цит. по: Hall R. The High Price of Principles. L., 1973, P. 50.
Southern Africa. Harare, 1992. Vol. 5. August. P. 11.
Африка: проблемы становления гражданского общества. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2009. С. 120.
См.: Stroh A. Crafting Political Institutions in Africa. Electoral Systems and Systems of Government in Rwanda and Zambia Compared. Hamburg, 2007. P. 23 – http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/ publications/wp43_stroh.pdf
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt IV. Article 34.3 (b).
http://www.dpmf.org/images/democracy-jotham.htm
Цит. по: Поляков А. Борьба за власть обостряется // Азия и Африка сегодня. 1996. № 12. C. 17.
Africa South of the Sahara, 1998. L.: Europa Publiations Limited, 1997. P. 1107.
Zambia: Democracy on Trial Report of a mission by the non-governmental Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative. L., 1991. P. 22.
Ibid. P. 29.
Ibid. P. 13.
Zambia Daily Mail. Lusaka, 1996. October 22.
http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/ffm/zambia_report.pdf
Ibidem.
Africa South of the Sahara, 1998. L.: Europa Publiations Limited, 1997. P. 1118.
Ibidem.
Dеmосrасу in Zambia: Challenges for the Third RepubIic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Наrаrе, 1996. Р. 46.
Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere J. Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratization: The Case of Zambia: Africa World Press, 1996. P. 131.
http://www.dpmf.org/images/democracy-jotham.htm
См.: Democracy in Zambia: Challenges for the Third Republic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Harare, 1996. P. 39.
См. подробнее: Прокопенко Л.Я. Новые политические элиты в государствах Юга Африки. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2011.
Бюллетень Посольства РФ в Замбии. 2001. 4 июня. С. 3.
См. подробнее: Gould J. A New Start in Zambia? Democracy, Politics and the Oasis Forum. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 2011.
Africa South of the Sahara. 2007. L. and N.-Y., 2006. P. 1274.
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Zambia/PreliminaryReport.p
Rakner L. and Svåsand L. Uncertainty as a Strategy: Electoral Processes in Zambia 1991–2001. Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights. Bergen, 2003. P. 10.
http://www.elections.org.zm/media/presidential_results_2001.pdf
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Zambia/PreliminaryReport.p
http://www.elections.org.zm/media/presidential_results_2001.pdf
Ibidem.
Observing the 2001 Zambia Elections. Final Report. The Carter Center. Atlanta, 2002. P. 58 – http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1135.pdf
Компас. ИТАР-ТАСС. 2003. № 5. С. 79.
Africa South of the Sahara. 2007. L. and. N.-Y., 2006. P. 1275.
Rakner L. and Svåsand L. Op. cit. P. 21.
The Electoral Act 2006. Part II (8). P. 125.
The Electoral Act 2006. Part III (19). P. 128.
The Electoral Act 2006. Part IV (28). P. 131.
The Electoral Act 2006. Part IV (44). P. 22.
www.zambianchronicle.com/?tag=hakainde-hichilema
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS
См. подробнее: Larmer M., Fraser A. Of Cabbages and King Cobra: Populist Politics and Zambia’s 2006 election // African Affairs. 2007. Vol. 106/425. Oxford University Press. P. 629.
Erdmann G. Ethnicity, Voter Alignment and Political Party Affiliation – an African Case: Zambia. Hamburg, 2007. P. 22.
http://president.dreab.com/p-Zambian_presidential_election_2006
Ibidem.
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt IV. Article 38 (1).
http://www.banda4zambia.com/profile.html#Rupiah_Bwezani_Banda
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL512122620080905
Пульс планеты. ИТАР-ТАСС. 2008. 28 ноября.
htpp://www.cmi.no/file/?1016
http://www.zambian.com/html/zambia-elections-results.html
Times of Zambia. Ndola, 2008. November 7.
Бюллетень Посольства РФ в Замбии. 2009. 17 июня. С. 3.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2009. March 12.
http://report2007.amnesty.org/rus/Regions/Africa/Zambia
QFM Radio. 2010. February 19. (www.qfmzambia.com)
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2009. July 23.
Zambia Daily Mail. Lusaka, 2009. May 20.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2011. August 7.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2010. April 19.
http://www.thelusakapaper.com/?p=527
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS
www.pf.org.zm
http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=2&id=1272520292
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2011. January 14.
http://postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8749
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook2009
http://www.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/democraticgovernance/successstories/ advance-ment-of-technology-integrated-into-electoral-system
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Zambia/PreliminaryReport.p
Бюллетень Посольства РФ в Замбии. 2010. 27 августа. С. 2.
Electoral Commission of Zambia 28th, September 2011. Public Notice 2011 Presidential Election Results. Lusaka, P. 88 – http://www.elections.org.zm/media/28092011_public_notice_2011_presidential_election_re-sults.pdf
Бюллетень Посольства РФ в Замбии. 2011. 25 августа. С. 4.
Electoral Commission of Zambia 28th, September 2011. Public Notice 2011 Presidential Election Results. Lusaka, P. 88 – http://www.elections.org.zm/media/28092011_public_notice_2011_presidential_election_re-sults.pdf
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
http://www.elections.org.zm/media/summary-allocationofnationalassemblyseats.pdf
www.tizambia.org.zm
См.: Helle S.-E., Rakner L. The Interplay between poverty and electoral authoritarianism. Poverty and political mobilization in Zambia and Uganda // CMI WORKING PAPERS. Bergen, 2012/3.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. October 20.
http://www.tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1584928
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. November 2.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. November 3.
Zambia Daily Mail. Lusaka, 2014. November 27.
Пульс планеты. ИТАР-ТАСС. 2014. 18 декабря.
Там же.
http://www.voanews.com/content/zambia-s-acting-president-confident-in-ruling-party-electoral-victory/ 2584581.html
http://postzambia.com/news.php%3Fid%3D5087
http://www.postzambia.com/news.php?id=4524
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. December 11.
Пульс планеты. ИТАР-ТАСС. 2015. 19 ноября. С. 14.
Бюллетень посольства РФ в Замбии. 2014. 20 ноября. С. 8.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. November 29.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2014. December 22.
www.mmdzambia.org/about-mmd/manifesto
htpp://hh-zambia.com
http://www.lusakavoice.com/2015/01/05/undp-funds-2015-presidential-elections/&prev=search
http:www.elections.org.zm/voter.php
http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/zambian-elections-declared-peaceful-transparent-credible-fre/& prev=
Ibidem.
Ibidem.
http://itar-tass.com/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1709840.
http:www.ifes.org/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2014/2015%20IFES%20Zambia% 20January%20President%20By%20Elections_FINAL.pdf
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 25.
Electoral Commission of Zambia 24th January 2015. Public Notice 2015 Presidential Election Results. Lusaka, P. 95 – http://www.elections.org.zm/media/2015_presidential_election_results_public_notice_copy1.pdf
http://www.elections.org.zm/results/2015_presidential_election
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 25.
http://zambiareports.com
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 26.
http://zambiareports.com/2015/01/30/nevers-mumba-faces-revolt/
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015 January 30.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 27.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 28.
Ibidem.
http://data.worldbank.org/country/zambia
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 26.
http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/2/6/9/p72695_index.html
Freedom of the Press 2014. Freedom House. 2014. P. 16.
http://report2007.amnesty.org/rus/Regions/Africa/Zambia
Freedom of the Press 2012. Freedom House. 2012. P. 16.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2011. January 13.
Freedom of the Press 2014. Freedom House. 2014. P. 1.
http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf
http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/interact
http://zambiareports.com/2014/09/11/pf-shutting-mobile-phones-internet-rig-elections-source/&prev
Компас. ИТАР-ТАСС. 1997. № 35. С. 59.
Chanda Alfred. Zambia’s Fledgling Democracy: Prospects for the Future. Lusaka, 1994. P. 9.
См.: Molteno Robert. Cleavage and Conflict in Zambian Politics: a study of sectionalism // Politics in Zambia. Berkeley: Macmillan, 1974. P. 62–106; Sichone O. and Simutanyi N.R. The Ethnic and Regional Questions. Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Zambia: the Case of Barotseland 1964–1994 // Dеmосrасу in Zambia: Challenges for the Third RepubIic / Ed. Owen Sichone and Воrnwell Chikulo. Наrаrе, 1996. P. 173–196; Pozner D.N. Institutions and Ethnics in Africa: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Gould J. Zambia’s 2006 elections: The ethnicization of politics? // News from the Nordic Africa Institute. 2007. № 1 (January). P. 8.
Ibidem.
Erdmann G. Op. cit. P. 26.
Ibidem.
Ibid. P. 30.
Wim Van Binsbergen. Aspects of Democracy & Democratisation in Zambia & Botswana // Readings in African Politics / Edited by Tom Young. Indiana University Press, 2003. P. 211.
См.: Rakner L., Svåsand L. From Dominant to Competitive Party System. The Zambian Experience 1991–2001 // Party Politics. 2004. №1. Vol. 10. P. 49–68.
См.: Burnell P. Taking Stock of Democracy in Zambia // Democracy and Political Change in the ‘Third World’. N.-Y.: Routledge, 2001. P. 135–155.
Stroh A. Crafting Political Institutions in Africa. Electoral Systems and Systems of Government in Rwanda and Zambia Compared. Hamburg, 2007. P. 24.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2012. August 20.
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2012. November 23.
Chanda Chisala. Was there really Tribalism in Zambian Elections? // Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 30.
http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=18530
The Соnstitutiоn of Zambia (Amеndmеnt) Асt, 1996. Lusaka: Gоvеrnmеnt Рrintеr, 1996. Раrt III. Article 11.
http://www.elections.org.zm/register_statistics.php
Phiri Bizeck J. Gender and politics: The Zambia national women’s lobby group in the 2001 tripartite elections // One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia / Edited by Gewald Jan-Bart, Hinfelaar Marja, Macola Giacomo / Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2008. P. 262.
http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm&prev=/search%253Fq%253Dwomen%252Bin%252Bgovern ment%
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2540<emid=1
Gender and Development – A Declaration by Heads of State or Government of the Southern Development Community (SADC). Blantyre, Malawi, 1997. P. 4.
http://www.parliament.gov.zm/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_downl
http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2359_E.htm
Айвазова С.Г. Гендерное равенство в контексте прав человека. Пособие. М.: Эслан, 2001. С. 81.
http://www.elections.org.zm/media/national_summary_for_150_constituencies.pdf
Lusaka Times. Lusaka, 2015. January 28.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2991931.stm
http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/zambian-elections-declared-peaceful-transparent-credible-free/& prev=search
http://www.un.org/ru/sg/messages/2008/democracyday08.shtml